To align research investment to the above agenda, in 2015, several of our authors assisted the WHO in a study that mobilised experts and stakeholders from a wide range of disciplines and sectors (including funders, policy makers, professional, and civil societies) in 39 countries to set health research priorities to reduce the global burden of dementia by 2025 [5]. While the top research priorities focused on prevention, risk reduction, and on the delivery and quality of care for people with dementia and their caregivers, other priorities also included research in the development of cross-cultural diagnosis, biomarkers, and treatment, as well as improving public awareness and understanding of dementia. The study highlighted the importance of interdisciplinary and intersectoral collaboration to motivate investment to support critical research priorities that reduce disease burden, and enable the knowledge generated from the research to have real-life impact through knowledge exchange and specific actions.

To develop the identified research priorities into meaningful research, colleagues from the Centre for Global Health and Centre for Medical Informatics (Usher Institute), Edinburgh Dementia Prevention (Edinburgh Neuroscience), and Centre for Research on the Experience of Dementia came together and asked how new developments in our respective fields could be aligned to the research priorities generated by the WHO-led study. In 2018, we invited colleagues from nine LMICs – Bangladesh, Brazil, China, Ghana, India, Iran, Malaysia, Nigeria, Uruguay – to Edinburgh to share with us the state of epidemic preparedness and research needs in their countries, and explore ways in which new developments in our respective fields can be shared to benefit LMIC settings.

The Global Dementia Prevention Program (GloDePP) was formed as a platform to facilitate research around the key priorities identified. In 2019, the group was further expanded to include colleagues from the University of Strathclyde, and the University of Nottingham. We also developed an alliance with the Latin America and Caribbean Consortium on Dementia (LAC-CD).

GloDePP envisages a world in which those living in the poorest countries have access to world class, culturally sensitive, cost appropriate diagnostics, prevention, management and treatment for dementia.

Taking a multidisciplinary and multisectoral approach to address some of the key challenges posed by dementia, we seek to create a global network of researchers with expertise in clinical sciences, artificial intelligence (AI), digital technologies, neuroscience, data, health, and social sciences to conduct collaborative research to mitigate the impact of dementia in the world’s poorest countries.

Our strategic goals are to:

To mark the beginning of the GloDePP collaboration, we developed this theme issue on global dementia. The theme issue consists of 14 papers published over 3 issues of the Journal of Global Health (JoGH) and its sister journal, the Journal of Global Health Reports (JoGHR) (http://joghr.org). The papers are divided into two sub-themes: (i) those that document some of the common needs and challenges in dementia prevention and epidemic preparedness in low-resource settings; and (ii) papers that illustrate new research advances (especially in neuropsychology, mobile technology, and data sciences) and locally generated low-cost solutions in LMICs that could offer collaborative ways forward.

Under sub-theme 1, Adeloye et al. [6], Nitrini et al. [7], Noroozian et al. [8], Nulkar et al. [9], Nyame et al. [10], Poon et al. [11], Wang et al. [12] describe the rising trend of dementia in China, Ghana, Nigeria, India, Iran, Latin American, and Southeast Asian countries, the paucity of epidemiological and other research into dementia, and the fragmentation of diagnosis, prevention, and care services in these settings leading to large gaps in diagnosis (up to 90%), treatment, and support services resulting in over-reliance on informal care by the family. Scarcity of funding aside, the lack of recognition towards dementia by governments and health authorities is seen by many of our authors as a key contributor to the paucity of research and delivery of necessary social and health services [7-10,12]. There is currently an absence of national dementia strategies across these LMICs. Further, the lack of a culturally valid assessment tool for cognitive impairment, and the high cost of diagnostic imaging tools such as fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG)-positron emission tomography (PET) and Pittsburgh Compound-B (PIB) PET, are other challenges for research and diagnosis in LMICs [13-14]. Calia et al. [13] explore the differences in the representation of dementia between people from the United States, United Kingdom, and China. They caution readers about the effect that these differences might have on the ways in which dementia is experienced and care is provided. Calia et al. [13], Nitrini et al. [7], Parra et al. [14], Wang et al. [15], and Watermeyer & Calia [16] discuss the cultural, educational, and linguistic biases in commonly used neuropsychological tools that are used for detecting cognitive impairments. They highlight the effect these issues have on research opportunities and clinical practice in non-English speaking and illiterate populations, especially in LMICs.

Under sub-theme 2 (low-cost and efficient solutions), Watermeyer & Calia [16], Parra et al. [14], Muniz-Terrera et al. [17], and Danso et al. [18] offer exciting insights into how new advances in neuropsychology, mobile technology, and data sciences (eg, speech and text analysis) can overcome language, educational, and cultural biases as well as problems with repeated measures embedded within established cognitive measures. These emerging tests and technologies also improve precision and sensitivity in the detection of pre-symptomatic Alzheimer’s disease. These advances offer “a new paradigm for cognitive testing” that opens up possibilities for the creation of harmonised longitudinal data on cognitive ageing across diverse populations globally [17]. As many of these emerging tools and technologies are designed with affordability and ease of administration in mind, they offer important opportunities for disease prevention as well as bridging the gap in knowledge generation between high income countries and their LMIC counterparts. Over time, the shift in research from symptomatic to pre-symptomatic Alzheimer’s disease offers new possibilities for prevention worldwide.

As an immediate solution, making use of established neuropsychological tools for detecting cognitive impairments, Wang et al. [15] describe a process for selecting and creating normative values for a set of established neuropsychological tests for measuring mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and Alzheimer’s disease in the Chinese Neuropsychological Normative Project (CN-NORM). This has important implications for expanding the epidemiological evidence on dementia and MCI in LMICs. Poon et al. [11] validate estimates of dementia for the Southeast Asian region. The study explores the utility of a simple, free statistical package to generate a normal-normal hierarchical model (NNHM) for disease burden estimates with limited data. The model allows researchers from low-resource settings to engage in disease burden, and estimate modelling.

Finally, to address the fragmentation of services Wang et al. [12] describe a model of continuum of care currently being implemented in China. Based on the WHO mhGAP guideline, the model aims to cut costs by mobilising and training community and primary care workers for screening and case management, capping the investment in specialist and institutional based resources. Similarly, as an interim low-cost solution for bridging the gaps in dementia training for clinical, health, and social workers, Noroozian et al. [8] describe the memory clinic initiative (MCI) developed in Iran, which may be used as a model for other LMIC settings.

We are excited by the initiative and hope that the articles in this theme issue will inspire advances in collaborative research that might help strengthen knowledge around the epidemiology of dementia in LMICs, strategies for screening and diagnosis of pre-symptomatic dementia, training of the social and health care work-force, research capacity building, and data analysis. We envisage that the GloDePP collaboration will support the global response to the dementia challenge. We welcome new collaborators.